If you want to drive a minibus commercially, for hire and reward, or simply don’t qualify to drive under your existing car licence, you’ll need to apply for a Category D1 licence. Here’s how the process works.
Minibus insurance
Once you’ve got your licence, make sure your cover is in place. At insurd, we offer minibus insurance for all uses — private, community, and commercial.
What is a D1 licence?
A Category D1 licence allows you to drive a minibus with between 9 and 16 passenger seats. It’s the standard licence required for most minibus drivers in the UK, whether you’re transporting passengers commercially or as a volunteer.
If you want to drive a full-size bus or coach (more than 16 passenger seats), you’ll need a full Category D licence — a step above D1.
Do you already have D1 entitlement?
Before applying, check your current driving licence. Drivers who passed their car test between 1990 and 1997 were automatically granted D1 entitlement when the licence categories changed. If D1 appears on your licence without the code “101” next to it, you may already be able to drive a minibus in certain circumstances.
If you’re not sure, you can check your licence entitlements on GOV.UK.
How to apply for a D1 licence
Step 1 — Get a provisional D1 entitlement
Apply to the DVLA for a provisional D1 entitlement using form D2, along with a D4 medical examination report completed by a doctor. You can get these forms from a Post Office that offers DVLA services, or download them from GOV.UK.
Step 2 — Pass a medical examination
A medical is required before you can apply for a provisional D1 entitlement. This is the same Group 2 medical standard required for HGV and bus drivers. Your GP or a DVLA-approved doctor will carry out the examination and complete the D4 form.
The medical checks things like:
- Eyesight (you must be able to read a number plate from 20 metres)
- Blood pressure and heart health
- Any conditions that could affect safe driving (diabetes, epilepsy, sleep disorders)
Step 3 — Pass the D1 theory test
You’ll need to pass two theory tests:
- Multiple choice — 100 questions covering topics such as road safety, vehicle safety, passenger safety, and traffic signs. You need to score at least 85 out of 100 to pass.
- Hazard perception — 19 video clips, 20 hazards to identify. You need to score at least 67 out of 100.
The D1 theory test is more detailed than the standard car theory test, with additional sections on passenger safety and vehicle checks.
Step 4 — Pass the D1 practical test
The practical test for D1 has two parts:
- Off-road exercise — carried out at the test centre, covering vehicle manoeuvres such as reversing and turning in a confined space
- On-road drive — approximately 60 minutes of driving, including independent driving and response to sat-nav directions
The test is longer and more involved than a standard car test. Taking professional D1 training before your test is strongly recommended.
Step 5 — Apply for your full D1 licence
Once you’ve passed both tests, apply to the DVLA for your full D1 licence. You’ll also receive Driver CPC (Certificate of Professional Competence) initial qualification at this stage if you intend to drive commercially — this is covered in more detail below.
Do you need a Driver CPC?
If you’re driving a minibus commercially — for hire and reward — you’ll need an initial Driver CPC qualification in addition to your D1 licence. This involves passing two further tests: a theory-based case study test and a practical demonstration.
Volunteer drivers and those driving under a Section 19 or 22 permit are generally exempt from Driver CPC requirements.
How long does it take to get a D1 licence?
It varies depending on how quickly you can book tests and how much training you need. Realistically, allow 2–4 months from starting the process to holding a full D1 licence — longer if test centre waiting times are high in your area.
How much does a D1 licence cost?
Costs vary depending on your training provider and location, but as a rough guide:
- D4 medical examination — typically £50–£100
- Theory test — £26
- Practical test — £115 (weekdays), £141 (evenings and weekends)
- Training — varies widely, typically £500–£1,500+ depending on experience and number of lessons needed
What’s the minimum age for a D1 licence?
You must be at least 21 years old to hold a D1 licence in most circumstances.
Ready to get on the road?
Once you have your D1 licence, make sure your minibus is properly insured. Get a minibus insurance quote — cover for private use, community transport, and hire and reward.
